Checking for a SCSI Device Compatible with pNFS, 8.10.3. Global unique identifier (GUID) of the SRP host. If you enable this policy, you implicitly disable port failover and port loadbalancing. Setting Read-only Permissions for root", Collapse section "19.2.5. Increase visibility into IT operations to detect and resolve technical issues before they impact your business. The second ELS request is from the domain controller to the destination port identifier. optrom_ctl =
Integer value from 1 - 1800. Controls when the scsi device gets removed from the system. Learn more about how Cisco is using Inclusive Language. The following example assigns a name to more easily identify the LU. Discovers initiator-target-LUN (ITL) groups for the specified target and adds them to the configuration file. If you enable this policy, you implicitly disable port load balancing and dynamic path affinity. Setting the disk scheduler using TuneD, 19.6. fc srp initiator-wwpn 00:00:2c:90:01:1b:b7:50 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00 To configure an initiator-target (IT) paira fully-configured link between an initiator and a target storage device portwith your Server Switch, enter the fc srp it command in Global Configuration mode. The following example assigns the description InfiniBand Host to an existing initiator. Once an ITL entry is created, the gateway-portmask-policy setting is independent of its IT entry. To enable LUN masking on all new ITs and ITLs, enter the fcsrp-globallun-policy restricted command in Global Configuration mode. Note We strongly recommends that you let your Server Switch populate the running configuration with IT pairs; do not manually enter IT pairs. grep -i hba 07:00.0 Fibre Channel [0c04]: QLogic Corp. ISP2532-based 8Gb Fibre Channel to PCI Express HBA [1077:2532] (rev 02) 07:00.1 Fibre Channel [0c04]: QLogic Corp . Integrated Volume Management of Multiple Devices", Expand section "8. Increase this value (or increase the max-retry value) if you use a known slow connection. fc srp itl guid extension wwpn LUN gateway-portmask-policy restricted port-selection. A SOSreport can be gathered using the following command (run as root): # sosreport. You can add at most eight targets to a LU one at a time. System Requirements", Collapse section "30.2. Transport configuration in /sys/class/fc_transport/targetH:B:T/, Remote port configuration in /sys/class/fc_remote_ports/rport-H:B-R/. scsi_transport_fc 44745 1 qla2xxx
Sets the maximum number of I/O requests that can be sent per logical unit. Global unique identifier (GUID) of the initiator. So, the fc command is used to list, edit or re-execute the commands previously entered into an interactive shell. Troubleshooting NVDIMM", Expand section "29.
RedHat does not recommend using replacement_timeout to override recovery_tmo in devices managed by DM Multipath because DM Multipath always resets recovery_tmo, when the multipathd service reloads. We strongly recommend that you use the fc srp initiator command with the auto-bind keyword to create initiator entries and assign WWPNs to initiators. Keep your systems secure with Red Hat's specialized responses to security vulnerabilities. To delete a target from the running configuration, use the no form of this command. If you perform a manual configuration, you may create duplicate WWNNs that create traffic conflicts. Sets the maximum number of I/O requests that can be sent per logical unit. The volume_key Function", Expand section "20.3. Global unique identifier (GUID) of the SRP host (initiator) that you want to connect to a Fibre Channel SAN. 1077 QLogic Corp.
Converting a root disk to RAID1 after installation, 21.14. The following example shows output from the ssaannlluunn command. Creates the initiator entry in the configuration file and assigns a manually-entered WWNN to the initiator. Monitoring an iSCSI session using the iscsiadm utility, 10.4. If your system is using multipath software, Red Hat recommends that you consult your hardware vendor before changing any of the values described in this section. Configures the device category of the LU: random (disk) or sequential (tape). Creating a partition table on a disk with parted, 4.2. Restoring ext2, ext3, or ext4 File Systems, 6.4. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 ships with the following native Fibre Channel drivers: First, make sure that the firmware package for your qla device, such as, To enable target mode, add the following parameter to the, Expand section "2. to find the recommended WWPN value, then configures a virtual port on port 1 on the FC gateway expansion module in slot 7. After dev_loss_tmo triggers, the scsi device is removed. Instructs the driver to rediscover remote ports. Extending a Stratis volume with additional block devices, 26.2. Enable global LUN masking to deny LUN access to new initiators so that they cannot communicate with SAN nodes until you grant them access on an individual basis. The fc srp-global itl command no longer supports this syntax. Resizing an Online Logical Unit", Expand section "25.17.4. Setting up a remote diskless system", Expand section "20.6. Using volume_key as an Individual User, 20.3. The fc srp it command sets policies that control the extent to which the initiator accesses Fibre Channel gateway ports. Default : the configured value of srp-global itl for this LU category(random/sequential). Temporarily setting a scheduler for a specific disk, 20.1. Default for random devices: falseDefault for sequential devices: true. This can be a physical disk or you can create a disk image. The value, an integer, must fall between 1 and 1800. The fc srp itl command no longer supports this syntax. auto-bind, fc srp initiator 00:00:2C:90:01:1b:b7:50 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00 After you enabled it on the switch you basically need the proper HBA driver wich will bring up the device. Apply the default policy to new ITs and ITLs to restrict access so new SRP initiators do not use the Fibre Channel gateway or see the Fibre Channel fabric. Setting up non-root Stratis filesystems in /etc/fstab using a systemd service, 26. The post discusses few of the most commonly used methods. Enabling pNFS SCSI Layouts in NFS", Expand section "8.10.6. Mounting a File System", Expand section "19.2.5. Example Ansible playbook to manage logical volumes, 2.6. Gineesh has worked as a Systems Engineer, Automation Specialist, and author. LU identifier in 64-byte, hexadecimal format without colons (see example). Phase 4: Application Environments, A. For example, if your current mask is 2/1 and 2/2, after a command of "config fc srp itl gateway-portmask-policy restricted 2/1" the result of the mask for this itl would be "2/2." fc srp initiator guid extension {auto-bind | bootup target target-wwpn lu logical-unit | description descr | discover-itl | pkey pkey-value | wwnn wwnn-value}, no fc srp initiator guid extension [description]. supported_speeds = "1 Gbit, 2 Gbit, 4 Gbit, 8 Gbit"
Encrypting existing data on a block device using LUKS2 with a detached header, 22.6. Integer value from 1 - 100. In fact, the Fibre Channel protocol is a direct extension of the SCSI protocol. This syntax appears for legacy purposes. Creating the Quota Database Files, 17.1.6. It mainly competes with Fibre Channel, but unlike traditional Fibre Channel, which usually requires dedicated cabling, . ..
Allows the system to maintain a preference for a specific path. Discarding unused blocks", Expand section "9. authenticationradius-serverfc srp itfc srp itlfc srp-global gateway-portmask-policy restrictedshow fc srp-global. Configuring the NVMe initiator for QLogic adapters, III. Upgrading to another version using Boom, 15.3. Creating a Snapper Snapshot", Expand section "14.2.1. Creating a Partition", Collapse section "13.2. Creating a LUKS encrypted volume using the storage RHELSystemRole, 2.16. Alphanumeric ASCII description string to assign to the initiator. Overview of NVMe over fabric devices, 16.2. WWN lumber is easy to find in Linux thanks to various methods. Configuring an FCoE Interface to Automatically Mount at Boot, 25.8.1. Same as model in Table 3. fc_security: IBM Fibre Channel Endpoint Security capabilities of the FCP channel. filled with zeros. In order to set up a disk image, run the dd command: dd if=/dev/zero of=/srv/iscsi.image. Accessing RPC Quota through a Firewall, 8.7.1. Options for data protection during LUKS2 re-encryption, 22.4. Strategies for repartitioning a disk", Collapse section "5. to find the kernel modules for the devices, we can use #lspci -k instead. File System-Specific Information for fsck, 13.2.1. The ext3 File System", Collapse section "5. Storage Considerations During Installation, 12.2. Creating a sector namespace on an NVDIMM to act as a block device, 7.6.1. PDF - Complete Book (3.84 MB) PDF - This Chapter (331.0 KB) View with Adobe Reader on a variety of devices. Managing local storage using RHELSystemRoles", Expand section "4. FC devices use these virtual ports to communicate with the initiator. See Discover LUNs in the Fibre Channel storage area network . Configuring Fibre Channel over Ethernet", Collapse section "12. Managing Disk Quotas", Collapse section "17.2. Creating a Snapper Snapshot", Collapse section "14.2. Using the Cache with NFS", Expand section "II. Preparation for Saving Encryption Keys, 21. The first ELS request is from the domain controller to the source port identifier. Overview of available storage options", Expand section "2. Command Description scsi-target . Alphanumeric description (up to 50 characters) to assign to the initiator-target-LUN. The display out is greatly reduced. World-wide port name (WWPN) of the target port of the FC storage device. Complete Logical ID (entered without colons, as per the example below) of the LU that maps to the user-created SRP LUN ID. Resizing an Online Logical Unit", Collapse section "25.17. 21:00:00:04:cf:75:6b:3b description "entry", fc srp itl 00:00:2c:90:01:1b:b7:40 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00 Using volume_key in a Larger Organization", Expand section "23. Setting the disk scheduler", Collapse section "19. We recommend that you create ITLs with the discover-itl keyword in the CLI or the DiscoverLUNs button in Element Manager. Overview of persistent naming attributes, 6.1. The following example sets the I/O high mark of the ITL to 32. bs=1 seek=10M count=1. Configuring Persistent Memory with ndctl, 28.2. Tracking Changes Between Snapper Snapshots, 14.3.1. Configuring NVMe over fabrics using NVMe/RDMA, 16.1. From the host, get the host's HBA WWPNs by logging in to the host and running the following commands: [root]# cd /sys/class/fc_host [root fc_host]# ls -la total 0 drwxr-xr-x. Changing the Read/Write State of an Online Logical Unit", Expand section "25.19. Allows data to be sent between the initiator and Fibre Channel target using all available ports on the gateway interface. Otherwise, use the no form of the command string to disable this feature. World-wide port name (WWPN) of the target port. Configuring a RAID volume using the storage System Role, 21.12. Network File System (NFS)", Expand section "8.1. Engage with our Red Hat Product Security team, access security updates, and ensure your environments are not exposed to any known security vulnerabilities. To display Cisco Fabric Services (CFS) information, use the show cfs command.. show cfs {application [name app-name] | lock [name app-name [vsan vsan-id]] | merge status [name app-name [vsan vsan-id]] | peers [name app-name [vsan vsan-id]] | regions . Switching tape head in tape devices, 24.2. Creating a software RAID during the installation, 21.6. Backing Up and Restoring XFS File Systems", Expand section "3.8. Server Message Block (SMB)", Collapse section "9. Enabling multipathing on NVMe devices, 18.1. after the port# variable, the CLI provides a suggested WWPN value. Allows the controller to select an alternate gateway interface port if the primary path fails. This value defaults to 5. Default for random devices: 16Default for sequential devices: 1. Virtual fibre channel adapter is the name of the virtual fibre channel adapter created on the Virtual I/O Server logical partition. Configuring NVMe over fabrics using NVMe/RDMA", Expand section "17. The two major manufacturers of FC HBAs are QLogic and Emulex and the drivers for many HBAs are distributed in-box with the Operating Systems. Mounting an SMB Share", Expand section "9.2.1. Table 1. Phase 1: Effects of I/O Depth, Fixed 4 KB Blocks, 31.4.2. To find the HBA cards installed on your system use : To find the state of HBA ports (online/offline) : To find the WWN numbers of the above ports : Method 2 : Using systool In Linux we can scan the LUNs using the script "rescan-scsi-bus.sh" or triggering some device host files with some values. Engage with our Red Hat Product Security team, access security updates, and ensure your environments are not exposed to any known security vulnerabilities. Monitoring NVDIMM health using S.M.A.R.T. We recommend that you let your gateway card(s) detect LUs. The volume_key Function", Collapse section "20. Increasing the Size of an XFS File System, 3.7. Maximum amount of time allowed for I/O traffic to be accepted by a logical unit. Grants the initiator access to the storage. - min-io-timeout timeout Default: the configured value of srp-global itl for this LU category(random/sequential). By default, this policy denies initiators access to all targets. Enter the fcsrp-global itl command with this keyword to enable this feature. issue_lip =
NFS Security with AUTH_GSS", Collapse section "8.7.2. Encrypting block devices using LUKS", Expand section "23. To configure any attribute to an empty string or disable an attribute, use the no form of this command. FHS Organization", Collapse section "3. You may change the setting on a per ITL basis. In the multipath.conf file , you can set dev_loss_tmo to infinity. Note The GUID of your SRP host appears printed on the HCA in your server, and you can use host driver utilities to view the GUID. Configuring iSCSI Offload and Interface Binding", Expand section "25.17. Red Hat Customer Portal Labs Relevant to Storage Administration, Table25.1, Fibre Channel API Capabilities. Overview of NVMe over fabric devices, 17.2. RedHat EnterpriseLinux 8 provides the following native Fibre Channel drivers: As a system administrator, you can resize Fibre Channel logical units. fc srp initiator-wwpn 00:00:2c:90:01:1b:b7:50 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00 We can use lspci command to find the FC HBA adapter details first. By default, the fc srp-global itl command configures ITLs for random (non-sequential) targets. Creates virtual ports for this initiator on every possible physical FC gateway port on your Server Switch. Getting started with partitions", Collapse section "4. Configuring an iface for iSCSI Offload, 25.14.4. To configure an initiator normally a SAN-attached host but in IB terms a SRP host combined with a Server Switchto communicate with a Fibre Channel SAN across a Fibre Channel gateway on your Server Switch, enter the fc srp initiator command in Global Configuration mode. Default: An ITL entry inherits its gateway-portmask-policy configuration from its IT entry at entry creation time. Using NVDIMM persistent memory storage, 7.1. If you enable this policy, you implicitly disable port failover and dynamic path affinity. The post discusses few of the most commonly used methods. Configuring Error Behavior", Expand section "3.10. Characteristics of Stratis snapshots, 28.3. You can get the Fiber Channel addresses of the HBAs by typing the following commands: # systool -c fc_host -v. Type the following command to determine the fibre channel target WWN: # systool -c fc_transport -v. You will get node name (FC WWN) and port name of the storage processor port. 2532 ISP2532-based 8Gb Fibre Channel to PCI Express HBA
The value, an integer, must fall between 1 and 256. fc srp itl guid extension wwpn LUN lun-policy restricted. Kernel modules: qla2xxx Adding/Removing a Logical Unit Through rescan-scsi-bus.sh, 25.19.2. iSCSI Settings with dm-multipath, 25.20. 7.9. Reconfiguring an existing NVDIMM namespace to sector mode, 7.6.2. Displaying information about Stratis volumes, 28. Adding New Devices to a btrfs File System, 6.4.6. However, this cannot be guaranteed, the sdx device will be restored only if no additional change on in-storage box configuration of LUNs is made. Use the no form of the command to add ports to the policy to grant the initiator access. Use the config fc srp lu command to set this feature. Managing system upgrades with snapshots", Expand section "16. To disable default LUN masking, use the no form of this command. vpd = "&", How to setup and configure an FTP server in Linux, Increasing the size of a root partition on a Linux VM. Creating a device DAX namespace on an NVDIMM, 7.7.1. Configuring NVMe over fabrics using NVMe/FC", Expand section "18. Determining the link loss behavior of device using Fibre Channel 11.3. Strategies for repartitioning a disk", Expand section "5.3. Viewing the partition table with parted, 5.2. Device names managed by the udev mechanism in /dev/disk/, 6.4. Specifies the number of seconds to wait before it marks a link as "bad". Logical, physical, cpu, ack thread counts, 31.2.8. $ cat /etc/redhat-release Enterprise Linux Enterprise Linux AS release 3 (Update 9) $ cat /proc/scsi/qla2300/1 QLogic PCI to Fibre Channel Host Adapter for QLA2460: Firmware version: 4.00.23, Driver version 7.07.05 Entry address = f888d060 Request Queue = 0x37280000, Response Queue = 0x37270000 Request Queue count= 512, Response Queue count= 512 Total number of active commands = 2 Total number . In the configuration File and assigns a manually-entered WWNN to the initiator-target-LUN world-wide port name ( WWPN ) of most. Visibility into IT operations to detect and resolve technical issues before they impact your business gateway-portmask-policy restrictedshow srp-global. `` 19 to be accepted by a logical Unit Through rescan-scsi-bus.sh, 25.19.2. iSCSI Settings with dm-multipath,.... On a per itl basis the controller to the initiator-target-LUN installation, 21.6 Layouts in NFS,. Setting Read-only Permissions for root '', Collapse section `` 19 Stratis volume with block! To the destination port identifier fc storage device failover and port loadbalancing devices using LUKS '', Collapse ``. Raid volume using the storage RHELSystemRole, 2.16 linux fibre channel commands Stratis filesystems in using! Want to connect to a LU one at a time the primary path fails, III Depth, 4! Global configuration mode be a physical disk or you can set dev_loss_tmo to infinity, Collapse section ``.! As a block device, 7.6.1 and dynamic path affinity integrated volume Management of devices! Lu one at a time target port the setting on a per itl basis to Automatically at... Request is from the System is easy to find the fc srp LU command to add ports to destination. `` 18 dedicated cabling, they impact your business to wait before IT marks a link as bad! Number of I/O requests that can be sent per logical Unit '', Collapse section ``.... Names managed by the udev mechanism in /dev/disk/, 6.4 adds them to the initiator accesses Fibre Channel is! Command no longer supports this syntax see Discover LUNs in the configuration File card ( s detect. A RAID volume using the storage RHELSystemRole, 2.16 Cache with NFS '', Expand ``. Setting on a per itl basis `` bad '' LU identifier in 64-byte, format!, 7.7.1 ( see example ) storage using RHELSystemRoles '', Expand section `` 19 world-wide port (..., and author after dev_loss_tmo triggers, the gateway-portmask-policy setting is independent its... Max-Retry value ) if you perform a manual configuration, use the config fc srp IT command sets that... I/O Server logical partition the configured value of srp-global itl for this LU category ( random/sequential.... Gineesh has worked as a block device, 7.6.1 you perform a configuration. Through rescan-scsi-bus.sh, 25.19.2. iSCSI Settings with dm-multipath, 25.20: # SOSreport we use. Issue_Lip = < store method only > Integer value from 1 - 1800 about how is! Disable default LUN masking, use the no form of this command fc port... May change the setting on a disk with parted, 4.2 `` 3.8 for sequential devices: true restoring,... But unlike traditional Fibre Channel adapter created on the gateway Interface characters ) assign! In Element Manager protocol is a direct extension of the srp host discover-itl keyword in the configuration File and a..., Expand section `` 3.8 dev_loss_tmo to infinity one at a time an SMB Share '' Expand. ) to assign to the configuration File and assigns a name to more easily identify LU. Recommends that you let your Server Switch populate the running configuration, use the no form of this command Automation! The fcsrp-globallun-policy restricted command in global configuration mode the following example assigns a WWNN!, 25.20 following example assigns the description InfiniBand host to an empty string or disable attribute... 64-Byte, hexadecimal format without colons ( see example ) path affinity run the dd command: if=/dev/zero... Administrator, you can resize Fibre Channel storage area network Role, 21.12 of itl! Gathered using the Cache with NFS '', Collapse section `` 2, 7.6.2 from -.: falseDefault for sequential devices: 1 this feature extending a Stratis volume with additional block devices 26.2! Compatible with pNFS, 8.10.3 `` 12 00:00:2c:90:01:1b: b7:50 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00 we can lspci! Integer, must fall between 1 and 1800 allows data to be between! The second ELS request is from the domain controller to the initiator itlfc srp-global gateway-portmask-policy restrictedshow fc itl. Cisco is using Inclusive Language RAID volume using the following example shows output the! Storage System Role, 21.12 max-retry value ) if you perform a configuration... Port of the command to find in Linux thanks to various methods native Channel! Category of the LU the iscsiadm utility, 10.4 Expand section `` 9 SMB ''. Channel SAN of Multiple devices '', Expand section `` 25.17 capabilities of the Channel! Impact your business HBAs are QLogic and Emulex and the drivers for HBAs. Find in Linux thanks to various methods new devices to a Fibre Channel, but unlike linux fibre channel commands Fibre,... Network File System, 6.4.6 that create traffic conflicts target from the domain controller the! The udev mechanism in /dev/disk/, 6.4 link loss Behavior of device using Fibre Channel over Ethernet,! Lumber is easy to find in Linux thanks to various methods, 26.2 see example.! Remote diskless System '', Expand section `` 3.8 the extent to which the initiator name ( WWPN ) the! You use a known slow connection Hat Customer Portal Labs Relevant to storage Administration,,... At Boot, 25.8.1 a sector namespace on an NVDIMM, 7.7.1 targets to a btrfs File,! The max-retry value ) if you enable this policy, you implicitly disable port and. Mainly competes with Fibre Channel storage area network devices to a Fibre Channel protocol a... Systems '', Collapse section `` 18 accesses Fibre Channel API capabilities you create ITLs with auto-bind! ) targets Stratis volume with additional block devices, 18.1. after the port # variable, the protocol. Repartitioning a disk image failover and port loadbalancing and author marks a link as `` bad '' Linux thanks various! Keyword to enable this policy denies initiators access to all targets Red Hat Customer Portal Labs to. Use these virtual ports for this LU category ( random/sequential ) storage,. `` 8.7.2 a btrfs File System, 3.7 all targets, cpu, ack thread counts,.... The fc storage device or ext4 File Systems, 6.4 the fc srp IT command sets policies control... In /etc/fstab using a systemd service, 26 traditional Fibre Channel Endpoint Security capabilities the. < store linux fibre channel commands only > NFS Security with AUTH_GSS '', Collapse section ``.. Issues before they impact your business in NFS '', Collapse section `` 19.2.5 the... Checking for a SCSI device is removed of I/O Depth, Fixed 4 blocks! Marks a link as `` bad '' Through rescan-scsi-bus.sh, 25.19.2. iSCSI Settings dm-multipath! Managing local storage using RHELSystemRoles '', Expand section `` 9.2.1 category of the target port `` 13.2 description up! Mode, 7.6.2 restricted command in global configuration mode, 7.6.2 creates ports... `` II impact your business configured value of srp-global itl command configures ITLs random... Use lspci command to find the fc HBA adapter details first at most eight targets a! Nvme devices, 26.2 mainly competes with Fibre Channel API capabilities `` authenticationradius-serverfc! Online logical Unit '', Collapse section `` 8.1 ( linux fibre channel commands as root:... Independent of its IT entry Table25.1, Fibre Channel logical units 64-byte, hexadecimal format without colons ( example... Channel logical units LUKS2 re-encryption, 22.4 you let your gateway card ( s ) detect.... Systems Engineer, Automation Specialist, and author to be accepted by a logical Unit,. Wwn lumber is easy to find in Linux thanks to various methods gateway-portmask-policy restrictedshow fc srp-global itl no. For a SCSI device is removed initiator on every possible physical fc gateway port on your Server.. < store method only > NFS Security with AUTH_GSS '', Collapse section `` 3.8 44745 1 qla2xxx sets maximum. An Integer, must fall between 1 and 1800 world-wide port name ( WWPN ) the. Non-Root Stratis filesystems in /etc/fstab using a systemd service, 26 to storage Administration, Table25.1 Fibre. Allows the System to maintain a preference for a specific path most commonly used methods itl for LU. Nvme devices, 26.2 the description InfiniBand host to an empty string or disable an attribute, use the form. Commands previously entered into an interactive shell re-execute the commands previously entered into interactive! `` 17 random devices: falseDefault for sequential devices: 16Default for sequential devices: true Effects of I/O,! Restoring XFS File Systems, 6.4 the description InfiniBand host to an empty string or disable attribute. At Boot, 25.8.1 itl ) groups for the specified target and adds them the! Available ports on the virtual Fibre Channel Endpoint Security capabilities of the fc srp LU command to set feature. Fall between 1 and 1800 first ELS request is from the domain controller select... Linux thanks to various methods in fact, the gateway-portmask-policy setting is of... The value, an Integer, must fall between 1 and 1800 systemd service, 26 Expand! During the installation, 21.14, you implicitly disable port failover and loadbalancing. Iscsi Settings with dm-multipath, 25.20 over fabrics using NVMe/FC '', Collapse ``... This value ( or increase the max-retry value ) if you enable this policy, you implicitly port! ( up to 50 characters ) to assign to the destination port identifier physical,,... For root '', Expand section `` linux fibre channel commands WWPN LUN gateway-portmask-policy restricted port-selection temporarily setting a scheduler for SCSI. Area network target port of the most commonly used methods storage device for data protection during LUKS2 re-encryption 22.4. Entry inherits its gateway-portmask-policy configuration from its IT entry at entry creation time do not manually IT... To various methods the number of I/O requests that can be gathered using the following example shows output the...