[796] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [361] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. 1 Benito Mussolini and Fascism in Italy (1922-1939) 2 The Weimar Republic (1918-1933) 3 The Rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany (1914-1939) 3.1 The Beer Hall Putsch and Mein Kampf (1923-1925) 3.2 The Nazi Regime (1933-1939) 4 Joseph Stalin takes power in the Soviet Union (1924-1934) 4.1 The First Five-Year Plan and Collectivization (1927-1939) [766] According to historian Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin wasn't a psychopath. Lenin's Testament, formally Letter to the Congress, Russian Pismo K Syezdu, two-part document dictated by Vladimir I. Lenin on Dec. 23-26, 1922, and Jan. 4, 1923, and addressed to a future Communist Party Congress. [216] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. [793] He never attended torture sessions or executions,[794] although Service thought Stalin "derived deep satisfaction" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". [287] Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee,[288] while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. [607] In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Porba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. Stalin was a fascist as well. [218] In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service. [931] In this literature, Stalin's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat "enemies of the people" or the result of lower-level officials acting without Stalin's knowledge. [94] He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907. [640] Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. [920] In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory. [714], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. During the Great Terror, Stalin's secret police, the NKVD, rounded up more than 150,000 during its Polish Operation in 1937-38, 110,000 of whom were shot dead. [57] Stalin organised another mass demonstration on the day of their funeral,[58] before being arrested in April 1902. [379] At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offence. [93] By that year according to the historian Robert Service Stalin had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik". The document known as Lenin's political testament was in fact a series of short letters, written to the Congress of Soviets over the course of a week in December 1922. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. Stalin held the title of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953) a position originally without significant influence but which, through Stalin's ascendancy, became that of de facto party leader. [378] Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933. [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. Stalin as Commissar for Nationality Affairs, 1918-1922. [556] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. [312] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[313] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. members to 50 or even 100 must, in my opinion serve a double or even a treble purpose: the more members there are in the C.C., the more men will be trained in C.C. [542], In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. [316] At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. By 1922 however, other members of the party leadership, particularly Lenin and Trotsky, were starting to become concerned with the level of power Stalin was accumulating. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [550] Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan. [374] Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. [486] The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions. [202] The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed, becoming the Russian Communist Party. [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [174] A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the Aurora, opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. 6 December]1878[4][h] and baptised on 29 December. [826] Service cautioned that there was "no irrefutable evidence" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were "undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews";[827] he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian "would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews". [865], The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps "determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual. [832] He gave nicknames to his favourites, for instance referring to Yezhov as "my blackberry". [705] In his words, "the people need a Tsar, whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work". In these letters, Lenin expressed concern about a potential split in the Bolshevik Central Committee, chiefly because of the rivalry and animosity between Stalin and Trotsky: 1. [86] Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. [482] The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory;[483] soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege;[484] and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. [544] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. [899] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution". [477] Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [755] His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years,[756] although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. [720] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. Nikita Khrushchev. RED FAMINE: STALIN'S WAR ON UKRAINE by Anne Applebaum. History. It can, therefore, be expected to have had a major influence on his . [557] Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. Advertisement. [706] He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. [408] Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. Received titles . [635] Stalin's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same;[636] he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a "counter-revolutionary" nation whose members were loyal to the U.S.[637] There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, eastern Siberia. [857] After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Alliluyeva,[675] and defected to the U.S.[858], After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva;[859] Montefiore believed that they were lovers. [866] Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician;[867] Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". [742], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [190], Having dropped his editorship of Pravda,[191] Stalin was appointed the People's Commissar for Nationalities. Many of Lenin's former lieutenants realized that Stalin was making himself a de-facto dictator. [938] In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer. [343] The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks;[344] Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. [315], In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. 1. [143] Stalin retained the name for the rest of his life, possibly because it was used on the article that established his reputation among the Bolsheviks. [547] Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. [770] Montefiore suggested that this charm was "the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party". [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. 6 December] 1878 [1] - 5 March 1953) was a revolutionary in the Russian Empire and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [14] Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. [418] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. [203], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. [593], The U.S. began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. [696] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". [249] Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. Stalin took on the title of premier from 1941 onwards actually. [745] He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. [282] Stalin saw Trotsky whom he personally despised[283] as the main obstacle to his dominance within the party. [661] His body was embalmed,[662] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. [215] During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. [580] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. It can be assumed that he believed that most of these medals were given undeservedly. [639] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233;[382] between five and seven million people died. [720] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[795] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. Lenin's Testament is a document dictated by Vladimir Lenin in late 1922 and early 1923. Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international MarxistLeninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. By 1927, Stalin was the unquestioned ruler of the Soviet Union. [43] Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned. [345] To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. [703] After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writingsfar more so than those of Marx and Engelsto guide him in the affairs of state. [228] The Red Army retook Kiev on 10 June and soon forced the Polish troops back into Poland. [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [704] Stalin adopted the Leninist view on the need for a revolutionary vanguard who could lead the proletariat rather than being led by them. [575], Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. [721] In private he often used coarse language and profanity, although avoided doing so in public. He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. [332], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. Oleg Khlevniuk's recent biography suggests that Ordzhonikidze was far from viewing himself as Stalin's creature, and indeed that in 1923 Ordzhonikidze had sided [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. He was given this title and kept it until he died. [611] At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. [891] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. [292] At the 14th Party Congress in December, they launched an attack against Stalin's faction, but it was unsuccessful. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. [301] Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze,[302] with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. [780] He lacked compassion,[786] something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile,[787] although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. 4. . [549] These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. [853] Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. Leon Trotsky was a significant figure in Marxist theory and politics and a crucial figure in the Russian Revolution. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. To the Workers and Soldiers of the Allied Countries, Karl Liebknecht 1918. Since Lenin had functioned as chairman of the Council of People's . A 1940 poster by Nikolai Zhukov (Fig. Lenin and Stalin Lenin's Death and Succession. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. What title was Stalin given in 1922? [870] In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power,[871] one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education and Soviet pride. By the 1930s, Stalin had introduced policies such as the Five-Year-Plans to centralise the Soviet economy. [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [548] On 8 August, in between the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet army invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory[46] and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900,[47] at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. [681] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[682] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [646] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953. The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. [555] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. [371] This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. Joseph Stalin Russia- what were conditions before took power. [700] After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. [197] Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies. [796] He was instead an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. The Communist International: Organ of the E.C.C.I. [265] In the final years of his life, Krupskaya provided governing figures with Lenin's Testament, a series of increasingly disparaging notes about Stalin. [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. [643] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. [262] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". [36] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. 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