The lava dome continued to grow to the N and S during April, accompanied by small earthquakes and gas-and-steam emissions rising both from the top of the dome and along the contact with the pre-existing 1979 dome. The La Soufriere volcano in Saint Vincent has erupted, spewing ash and lava in a dramatic event that followed a declaration of disaster in the Caribbean nation. The tremor episodes were associated with explosive activity and stronger pulses of ash emissions to higher altitudes; ash plumes rose to 10.6-16 km (35,000-52,000 ft) a.s.l. (1) 758 518 6106. "I have a report that there has been some leakage or seepage at the flank of the cone of the crater lake waters. Lava extrusion continued through August. Confirmed Eruption, 1600 BCE 75 years NEMO reminded the public to avoid the volcano and that descending into the crater remained extremely dangerous. In addition, a number of pinnacles and small islands are sticking out of the water NW of this larger island. The following report on the subject comes from SRU's Richard Robertson. Five kilograms of rocks were collected from the southern end of the island. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports. Stratigraphy and geochemistry of the Soufriere volcano, St. Vincent, West Indies. Further References. Steam from the dome was visible from Belmont Observatory through 4 January. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 232 and 391 tons per day on 17 and 18 April, respectively. The gas emissions were most notable from a small depression at the top of the dome. Ash venting continued through the night and into 10 April. The total number of displaced people was 12,775 by 19 April, with 6,208 people in 85 public shelters and 6,567 people (1,800 families) in private shelters. Seismic stations recorded 573 events through 0730 on 30 January; this number continued to grow into February (up to 703 events by 0830 on 4 February) (figure 5). Analysis of satellite imagery by UWI-SRC indicated that the explosions that began on 9 April destroyed the pre-existing 1979 and 2020-21 lava domes and created a crater 800 m in diameter. The following 270 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Confirmed Eruption. Between 10-20 such events are currently occurring per day. Confirmed Eruption On 15 September the Alert Level was lowered to Yellow and remaining evacuees were allowed to return home. However, to completely rule out the possibility of anything unusual happening in the crater that may not have been possibly detected by our various measurements, we advised the local Unit that they should visit the crater summit the next day (18 February).". Ashfalls from most of the explosions were limited to a few centimeters in the N portion of St. Vincent, and small amounts on Barbados, ~150 km E. However, during the 22 April eruption (figure 2) abnormal winds dropped 4 mm of ash on Kingstown (the capital of St. Vincent), on the S end of the island. Courtesy of the Seismic Research Unit. This part is the "red zone" of the volcanic hazard maps for St. Vincent and upwards of 16,000 people live in the region. Some of the several thousand evacuees work in the area during the day, but most leave at night. A chemical analysis of the lava collected on 13 December is now available and supports our former identification of a basaltic andesite, with a silica content of 55.3% and an overall composition virtually identical to the numerous basaltic andesite lavas of the Soufrire, which are the products of a quiet outpouring of lava from the crater. Later that evening, incandescent material over the vent area was visible in webcam images, and views from the observatory indicated that the dome had grown significantly. Chemical analysis of Soufriere St. Vincent samples from the island in the crater lake collected on 13 December 1971. Occasional satellite images of the summit showed a series of changes to the new crater, centered in the SW part of the summit crater. The dome had an estimated volume of 5.93 million cubic meters. The swarm was more intense than the previous one, with an average rate of about 50 earthquakes per hour compared with 1.5 per hour during 22-25 March. A lava dome was emplaced in the summit crater in 1971 during a strictly effusive eruption, forming an island within a lake that filled the crater. 2005: February, Sources: University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC); National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that the lava dome in Soufrire St. Vincents main crater continued to slowly grow during 31 March-6 April, expanding to the N and S. Gas-and-steam continued to rise from the top of the dome, as well as along the contact with the pre-existing 1979 dome. Its deposit at the coast was 1.5 m thick, ~300 m wide, and contained scoria blocks up to 60 cm in diameter. We determined very early on that nothing serious was happening, since we have seismic stations both on the volcano and throughout the island [figure 3], none of which had recorded any increased seismicity. Observations made at the crater [are included in Table 5]. Pyroclastic flows descended several valleys on the S and W flanks, reaching the coast at Morne Ronde (4.3 km W), Larikai (3.5 km WNW), and Trois Loupes Bay (3.5 km NW). University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that seismicity at Soufrire St. Vincent (often simply referred to as La Soufriere) remained low during 17-24 May, with a few long-period and volcano-tectonic earthquakes occasionally recorded. As of 2004, the monitoring network had consisted of five seismic stations, eight GPS stations, and several dry tilt sites. The first explosive activity was observed at dawn (about 0500) on 13 April. Since 20 March the island in the middle of the crater lake has maintained a maximum height of 226 feet on he western summit. respectively. The number and frequency of the VTs increased until about 0830 and then stabilized. Aspinall, Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies. A few small daily earthquakes were recorded. During 14 April seismicity continued to be characterized by episodes of tremor, about 13-15 hours apart, separated by swarms of small, long-period (LP) earthquakes. A small lahar signal was recorded at 0740 on 7 May. This sparked fears among the population that volcanic activity had increased at Soufriere St. Vincent. Eruptions, eruption precursors and related phenomena in the Lesser Antilles. The La Soufrire volcano first erupted on Friday, blanketing the island in a layer of ash and forcing more than 16,000 people to evacuate their homes. throughout the day. Card 1321 (01 December 1971) Lava dome growth in crater lake continues. Rate of lava extrusion in the summit crater of Soufrire St. Vincent, 25 May-25 October 1979, calculated by John Tomblin. Interactive online tool to view volcano webcams and live seismic recordings side-by-side online. The Alert Level remained at Orange. And a larger. Smaller explosions continued over the. "From the above it is clear that there is no significant difference in silica content between lava flow and pyroclastic material erupted from the Soufrire Volcano. The phase of lava emission appears to have come to a halt, but crater observations will continue. La Soufriere, located near the northern tip of the main island of St Vincent, last erupted in 1979, and a previous eruption in 1902 killed some 1,600 people. "There have been no volcanic explosions, or any emission of steam or gases, and all that has happened since 31 October is the extrusion of a very viscous dome-forming lava onto the floor of the crater. Courtesy of the Seismic Research Unit. Ash fell across the island, affecting communities including Chateaubelair and Petite Bordel, the observatory, Belmont and surrounding areas at the S end of the island, and forcing the closure of the Argyle International Airport (20 km S). The water temperature shows a downward trend and reached a new low of 51C on 8 March, but this was followed by rise to 57C by 10 March. Information Contacts: R. Fiske, SI; H. Sigurdsson, Univ. Blocky lava had flowed to the N wall of the crater, reaching maximum dimensions of 725 m across and 110 m high according to their tape and compass survey. La Fortuna - Arenal. Tremor starting at 2100 lasted about 40 minutes and may have been associated with a minor increase in venting. Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. There is still no sign of deeper seismic activity. The crater was observed and photographed during 11-12 June; observers saw no signs of lava domes. - Part I.. During 15-19 April NEMO reported details about the people that have evacuated. Seismicity dropped to low levels after the explosion on 22 April and remained low through 27 April; only a few VT, LP, and hybrid earthquakes were recorded. The SO2 plume initially fanned out to the NE, E, and SE across the Atlantic Ocean. Pyroclastic flows were generated early in the eruption and traveled down the W flank, reaching the sea within five minutes. Latest nearby quakes. The activity pattern of the eruption was comparable to that of the event that occurred in . Successive explosions and ash pulses fed the plume for hours and it rose to 16 km (52,000 ft) a.s.l. Soufrire St. Vincent is monitored by the SRC assisted by the Soufrire Monitoring Unit (SMU) from the Ministry of Agriculture in Kingstown. In both Martinique eruptions, dome growth continued for more than two years. The Alert Level remained at Orange. worked with Ms. Aisha Samuels, the head of the local volcano monitoring unit, to first investigate the report and later to quell fears that the volcano was doing anything unusual. This island consists of angular blocks 1-10 m across and appears to be the top of a lava dome standing 200 m above the former lake floor. 2020: December Another large explosion was detected at 2300, according to UWI-SRC. At 0300 on 29 April, the seismicity that had accompanied the eruption since 12 April ended almost completely, and there have been virtually no local earthquakes since then. Tremors in the vicinity of the crater continue to be recorded, at a rate of about 10/day for the past week. In a 22 April press release the Argyle International Airport announced that the ash cleanup was ongoing and that the Cargo Terminal was scheduled to open the next day. Res., 19: 121-134. The period of tremor lasted until about 2100 and was followed by ongoing small LP and hybrid events. Sulfur dioxide emissions were again measured from a boat near the W coast, revealing a flux of 350 tons per day. His report was confirmed 1 November by a government official who flew over the crater in a small plane.". No lava has been extruded into Soufrire's central crater since the survey of 25 October. The sticky basaltic andesite lava like the dome that had been forming at La Soufrire (above) can trap gases as new magma rises underneath, creating pressure that can lead to a more explosive style of eruption. Gas emissions were visible in the afternoon of 17 January rising from the top of the dome as well as from areas of contact between the new and old domes. Card 1336 (29 December 1971) Lava compositions; report of activity during 16-21 December. Staff from the Soufriere Monitoring Unit of the Seismic Research Unit visited the volcano and reported that there was no increase in volcanic activity according to monitoring-station data and observations. Information gained since our last report gives grounds for optimism with regards to events in the Soufrire and we consider that the probability of a violent eruption is decreasing. Chris Brandis/AP. No local earthquakes have been recorded by tremors associated with rockfalls on the island continue to occur. Gas data analysis conducted during a field visit showed that sulfur dioxide emissions were first detected on 1 February, suggesting that ground water was drying up and no longer interacting with the gas species. That visit found nothing out of the ordinary. The Washington VAAC stated that ash plumes during 9-10 April had drifted as far as 1,200 km ESE and about 3,000 km ENE. NEMO noted that the total number of displaced people was 22,759 on 15 May though the number continued to fluctuate as people arrived at shelters while others returned home or changed locations. The eastern edge of the gas plume reached about 4,700 km to the W coast of Africa by 12 April, and another 2,000 km inland to Mali and Niger on 13 April. An episode of tremor began at 2100 and lasted 40 minutes, and was possibly associated with a minor increase in venting. On 6 May government authorities lowered the Alert Level to Orange for Soufrire St. Vincent (often simply referred to as La Soufriere) based on recommendations from University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC). NEMO reported that the growth rate of the lava dome ranged from 1.9 to 2.13 m3/s (figure 14). After that it grew about 15 m to the NW and SE, according to 11 and 15 February reports (figure 13). A sample of the new dome collected by John Tomblin in mid-May was described in hand specimen as a basaltic andesite, similar to the 1971 dome. | February St. Vincent and the Grenadines Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves on Thursday declared a disaster alert prompted by a change in the eruptive activity at the La Soufrire volcano, according to the. References: Cole P D, Robertson R E A, Fedele L, Scarpati C, 2019. A period of high tremor began at 1649 on 18 April. The Alert Level remained at Orange. By 12 February the it was 90 m tall, 618 m long, 232 m wide, and had an estimated volume of 6.83 million cubic meters. The Grantley Adams International Airport (GAIA) in Barbados also closed. This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. METAR, TAF and NOTAMs for any airport in the World. Revegetation of the areas devastated by the 1979 eruption had begun by mid-June. This is the first explosive eruption at La Soufrire since 1979, although lava has been erupting at the summit since late December 2020. The dome continued to grow during 27 January-2 February. No lava dome was visible, but a possible spine-like protrusion was seen through the clouds. The temperature of the water at the crater edge has been decreasing by 0.5C/day on the average since 22-31 March and an increased drop of 3 was detected three days after. Shepherd J B, 2001. It. This part is the "red zone" of the volcanic hazard maps for St. Vincent and upwards of 16,000 people live in the region. Ash is falling on many communities on northern half of the island. Confirmed Eruption, 2135 BCE 50 years Few, but intermittent, rockfall events, VT earthquakes, and an increasing number of small LP and hybrid earthquakes were detected through 21 April (see figure 26). Scientists visited the dome on 16 January and collected rock samples from the W part of the dome. Rockfalls continue to be frequent. During a monitoring visit on 24 January scientists took video and still photos of the dome and installed both a camera and an EDM reflector on the S crater wall. Soufrire St. Vincent is the northernmost and youngest volcano on St. Vincent Island. . Almorales and H. Sigurdsson, Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies. Earthquakes have been recorded on our seismograms for the last five days, between 10 and 18 events per day. J Petr, 39: 1721-1764. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.10.1721. As strong explosive activity continued at Soufrire St. Vincent, strong SO2 plumes exceeding 2 Dobson Units (DUs) were detected during 9-14 April, moving generally E, based on data from the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite. La Soufrire is one of the most active volcanoes in the Lesser Antilles and has a long history of eruptions with the historical records showing eruptions in 1718, 1812, 1814, 1902-1903, 1971-72 and 1979. Roobol M J, Wright J V, Smith A L, 1983. A series of Vulcanian explosions began at 0630 on 13 April and lasted about 30 minutes. Table 4 contains mean values for all available wet chemical analyses of Soufrire rocks, summarized from UWI Seismic Research Special Publication No. Contact Us. Seismicity ended almost completely at about 0300 on 29 April. Shepherd, J. Between 21 August and 23 September, the mean diameter of the lava body grew from 832 m to 840 m, covering about 60% of the crater floor, and its maximum height increased 1 m to 131 m. Its volume was calculated at 37.6 x 106 m3. Data is the average of three determinations; analysis was done by the U.S. Geological Survey. Card 1370 (28 March 1972) H.J. B., Aspinall, W. P., Rowley, K. C., Pereira, J., Sigurdsson, H., Fiske, R. S., Tomblin, J. F., 1979. The Soufrire has now been in eruption for over four months and has comfortably exceeded this initial period of high uncertainty. SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico An explosive eruption rocked La Soufriere volcano on the eastern Caribbean island of St. Vincent on Friday after the government ordered thousands to evacuate their homes. Le Friant A, Boudon G, Arnulf A, Robertson R E A, 2009. The likelihood of dangerously explosive activity during the present eruption is now remote. Small earthquakes associated with dome growth were recorded on 7 April. Satellite data showed about 0.4 teragrams (Tg) of SO2 in the plume on 10 April, with some stratospheric injection. Lightning was visible in the rising plume. Geotherm. First Name. This eruption is particularly noteworthy because of the wide variety of observations made by various scientific teams (from land, low-flying aircraft, a high-altitude research plane, and from satellites). The condition was first noted by a pilot who flew over Soufrire on 31 October. The maximum water depth recorded was 99.5 ft, at a point approximately halfway between the island and the lake edge. The dome's growth rate was difficult to estimate, but was probably <0.5 x 106 m3/day in late May. The cooling of the lake to 66C is an indication that at present very little hot lava is in contact with the water. Another seismic station and a webcam became operational, and additional instrumentation was prepped. Heavy steaming in the crater limited visibility. The monitoring teams replaced a camera and continue to improve the seismic and GPS networks. The ash plume is mainly being blown to the east from the island towards Barbados and has reached 20,000 feet. to the east from the island towards Barbados and has reached 20,000 feet. No clear volcanic earthquakes have been recorded, although a seismograph 6 km SW of the summit has recently recorded indeterminate signals of 10-60 second duration. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included. Most of the more than 17,000 evacuees were allowed to return to their homes on 14 May, including residents of the two largest towns near the volcano, Georgetown and Chateaubelair. Last Name. Confirmed Eruption, 2380 BCE 100 years Home; . On 22 April at 1108 explosions generated an ash plume that rose to 8 km altitude and drifted mainly N over the ocean (figure 31). Summary of Soufriere St. Vincent daily crater observations, 12 February-18 April 1972. It is, however, similar to the second half of the two large historic eruptions of Mt. Observations made during the afternoon indicated that pyroclastic flows had reached the ocean in every valley extending from Larikai to Wallibou, a length of about 5 km. Gas emissions continued to damage vegetation in the summit area as well as on the SW flank. Lamb's preliminary estimate of Dust Veil Index (Lamb, 1970) for this eruption is from 3 to 9, probably nearer to 3. Height of the lava island has remained constant at 226 feet above 3 November datum since 20 March, or some 316 feet above present water level. The Montserrat Volcano Observatory stated that a sulfur odor and minor ashfall from Soufrire St. Vincent was observed on their island (390 km NNW). SYNOP codes from weather stations and buoys. The true amount of horizontal expansion of the dome is therefore 44 m. The W half of the dome is now 10-20 feet higher than the E half, and the two halves are still separated by a N-S valley. Sorrento - Mount Ves. Ash was collected and photographs were taken. This explosion occurred 52 hours after the last one and was the 30th since the explosive phase started. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Newsletter. Many of the evacuees were. Card 1366 (20 March 1972) J.B. Shepherd, Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies. This point is now 324.5 feet above the present water level. This land mass is 50-feet in height at the highest point as of 28 November, and the area covered by this larger island is over 100 m in diameter. Volcanoes - webcams Show on the map Most popular webcams Cordillera Central -. According to a news article, residents of the island of St.Vincent reported smelling sulfur in towns as far S as Kingstown. The new dome had spread over the remnants of the old crater lake by about 20 May, but a new lake had begun to form at the beginning of June because of the onset of the rainy season. | June Sources: University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC); National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Simon Carn; Reuters; UN News Centre; Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO); ReliefWeb; Capella Space; Nation News; Caribbean Handbook on Risk Information Management. "[SRU] . Shepherd, J.B., Aspinall, W.P., Rowley, K.C., and others, 1979, The eruption of Soufrire Volcano, St. Vincent April-June 1979: Nature, v. 282, p. 24-28. Much of the crater floor is presently mantled with rubble. The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. During an overflight on 26 April scientists observed white gas-and-steam emissions from several locations along the crater floor, though visibility was poor. Soufrire St. Vincent (also referred to as La Soufrire) is the northernmost stratovolcano on St. Vincent Island in the southern part of the Lesser Antilles. The eruption was largely effusive and resulted in the emergence of a steep-sided island. Card 1319 (23 November 1971) Eruption confirmed; island appears in crater lake. 1178, p. 425-533. Box 1517, Castries, Saint Lucia, West Indies (URL: http://nemo.gov.lc/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. The dome dimensions were estimated to be 340 m long, 160 m wide, and 90 m high. This drop can be accounted for entirely by evaporation and there is no evidence of leakage through the crater wall. Information Contacts: J. Tomblin, W. Aspinall, K. Rowley, and J. Shepherd, UWI; A. Kreuger and R. LaPorte, NOAA; M. McCormick, NASA LaRC; F. Mauk, Univ. Scientists observed the western coastline later in the day and noted that pyroclastic flows had descended all valleys from Larikai (W) to Wallibou, a stretch about 5 km long. . By Robin George Andrews Published April 9, 2021 10 min read Beginning at about 0900 on the 15th, a decline in tremor amplitude made it possible to identify more than 100 individual events per hour at the station 9 km from the summit. Sulfurous odors are common on the volcano's W flank, but less frequent on other parts of the island. Satellite data confirmed that explosions had excavated the 2020-2021 lava dome and parts of the 1979 dome, leaving a large crater. Multiple lahars were detected in likely all the volcanos drainages for a period of about six hours on 3 May, with the most intense lahars occurring during 1100-1200. A new swarm of VT earthquakes was detected on 5 April at 0638, the number and magnitude continued to increase until 0830, after which they stabilized. Measurements have been made on near-vertical air photos of the crater taken on 11 February and kindly placed at our disposal by Mrs. M. Barnard. J. Volcanol. The N part of this valley is the most actively steaming area of the dome. Sulfur dioxide plumes reached India. Confirmed Eruption, 2310 BCE 100 years Remaining gas and steam plumes and lahars will be monitored remotely from its base in Trinidad and Tobago. Information Contacts: W. Aspinall, K. Rowley, J. Shepherd, and J. Tomblin, UWI; K. Krafft, Cernay, France; H. Lamb, Univ. Sources: University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC); National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Advanced geospatial Data Management Platform (ADAM). Sparks, R.S.J., and Wilson, L., 1982, Explosive volcanic eruptions - V. Observations of plume dynamics during the Soufrire eruption, St. Vincent: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 69, p. 551-570. An explosion at 0615 on 16 April generated an ash plume that rose about 8 km (26,200 ft) a.s.l. On 23 March at 1030 the monitoring network recorded a swarm of small low-frequency seismic events that lasted about 45 minutes, which was likely associated with magma movement beneath the dome. The largest event, a M 3.5, was recorded at 0920 and felt by local residents. Lahars likely descended all valleys in the Red and Orange zones, and some were hot and visibly steaming. UWI-SRC stated that a large explosion was recorded around 2300. A Long Way Still to Go to Create Representative Volcanology, 5 Scientific Assumptions That are Surprisingly New. The La Soufriere trail remained closed due to the uneven and dangerous terrain. Gas-and-steam plumes were often visible from Belmont Observatory. These statements are incorrect. The temperature was 40C on 15 May, 41C on 18 May, 40C on 22 May, and 41C on 25 May. There is some indication that this eruption is similar to what occurred during the 1902 activity at La Soufriere. A persistent thermal anomaly had been identified in satellite data over the previous couple of days, which is what prompted the NEMO field visit. Basse-Terre North. Table 4. During the period 13-26 May 1972, the situation at the crater continued along the lines stated in the last report. However, monitoring of the volcano by the Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies, continues. The Volcano Ready Communities Project, a collaboration between NEMO SVG and UWI Seismic Research Centre, distributed their volcano hazard map for the surrounding communities, in preparation for a potential evacuation (figure 9). Correct Sainte-Anne - Panoramic view 49 km (30 mi) St. John's - Deepwater Harbour 127 km (78 mi) Les Anses-d'Arlet 177 km (109 mi) Harmonic tremor continued to saturate the instruments from 2200 on 12 April through 1600 on 14 April. The water level is decreasing at an average rate of 1.5 inches/day, as evaporation over the crater lake continues. Card 1388 (02 May 1972) Crater situation unchanged in over a month. and drifted E and SE, as well as N and NE.

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