Im afraid people important to me may find out that Im not as capable as they think I am. Recent research has shifted the focus away from the individual and toward environments and contexts that may be responsible for impostor experiences. 53 They recommended validating patients' doubts and. American Psychological Association, 8 Mar. People who struggle with impostor feelings tend to brush off their successes, which Orb-Austin said only exacerbates the experience. What Are the Psychological Effects of Casual Sex? Our study set out to explore the contextual underpinnings of the impostor phenomenon. Orb-Austin said taking time to applaud yourself, whether you gain a new credential or publish a paper, or just have a good client session, can help you internalize your success. Over time, these factors can lead to career burnout. Thanks so much for the time and effort you put into this, as well as the passion and knowledge you share so generously. Chances are that others in your field are struggling with similar feelings, but you are unaware of it because the impostor mentality can trigger feelings of shame and it tends to not be brought up in conversations. Impostor phenomenon is a spectrum, not binary, he said. Gap: To date, no clear. If feelings of being an imposter are limiting you or your clients, reduce its impact by adopting a growth mindset relishing the opportunity to learn and grow and turn the negativity into something positive. After all, if I were going to become a therapist, I owed it to my future clients to understand what it would be like to be on the opposite end of the table and fully experience therapy from a clients perspective. The increased use of it is what it is may indicate that people are resisting the temptation to force things into categories. Try approaching things from a lens of curiosity and non-judgement. Murugesu, J. Its natural to wonder how you measure up in a competitive environment. Many, including leading experts on the impostor phenomenon, saw value in the personal management of these feelings: sharing impostor experiences with others, adjusting expectations of the self to be more positive, and accepting praise and compliments from others. Treatment of the Impostor Phenomenon in Psychotherapy Clients, Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 3:1, 71-81, DOI: 10.1300 . What your employee is experiencing is called impostor syndrome (or impostor phenomenon), a psychological pattern in which someone fails to internalize their skills and accomplishments and instead feels like a fraud. Notably, womens impostor feelings increased as an emphasis on brilliance increased, but this was not the case for men. Her work has examined the content and development of children's reasoning about academic performance, as well as adults' attributions for their own professional success. Prevailing wisdom paints the impostor phenomenon as detrimental. (1978). Amy Cuddy wrote Presence Bringing Your Boldest Self to Your Biggest Challenge (2018), following her incredible success with her TEDx Talk. <> Avoid generalizing your days into bad days due to singular, isolated events. After Clance and Imess initial publication, interest in the impostor phenomenon spread within academic circles, and then far beyond them. I felt relief and was finally able to exhale. We hope this chapter makes you interested in staying with us throughout the rest of the book as we . 0000022770 00000 n How to Overcome Impostor Phenomenon.. Colonial mentality may affect people on unconscious levels; for instance, some Filipino Americans may be proud of their ethnic identities and communities while concurrently having implicit desires for lighter skin or denigrating peers who speak with Filipino accents. Thank you. The term impostor phenomenon was introduced in an article published in 1978, titled "The Impostor Phenomenon in High Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention" by Pauline R. Clance and Suzanne A. Imes. Despite objective evidence of success, these women had Expand PDF Understanding Acculturation and Its Use in Counseling and Psychotherapy F. A. Ibrahim, Jianna R. Heuer Psychology 2016 Turn that comparison into inspiration and use yourself as your own point of reference. Although we generally tend to experience more positive than negative, it only takes one negative interaction to feel as though your day has been ruined. 0000053990 00000 n endobj Encourage them to use the worksheets to handle their inner critic, turning doubts into opportunities. It's human nature to focus on ourselves sometimes and to focus on others at other times. The portrayal of Asian women in movies has long been distorted and detrimental to Asian American women's self-image. 0000001336 00000 n As with all negative emotions, one of the best ways to manage impostor feelings is to address the cognitive distortions contributing to them. Finding yourself in a new environment, or dealing with a new task, can be very stress inducing and even frightening due to the possibility of failure and exposure. Abramson, Ashley. 35, No. Self-compassionas Ervin describes it, using mindfulness to shift from an external locus of self-worth to an internal onecan help you let go of perfectionism. Langford and Clance (1993) suggested that the phenomenon may be in response to insecurity, self-doubt, and attempting to live up to an idealized self-image. When the quest for success leaves you empty. New experiences can be difficult, but understand that no one expects you to know everything there is to know about everything on your first day. For instance, one study found that African-American college students who had more frequent experiences with racial discrimination reported stronger impostor feelings. Having a sense of belonging is crucial in nurturing confidence and self-esteem. They can bring up images of success or failure and significantly affect how we approach tasks and overcome obstacles and challenges (Clough & Strycharczyk, 2015). Prevalence, predictors, and treatment of impostor syndrome: A systematic review. Flewelling, A.L. Not only is there little clarity regarding its definition, but there is also limited clinical guidance on either diagnosis or treatment (Bravata et al., 2019). <> When it comes to reasoning, identity trumps truth. You feel like a fake. during therapeutic sessions with high achieving women by Dr Pauline Clance. In general, Ervin said this phenomenon can drain relationships. Future studies have aimed to shift the conversation from solely fixing impostor beliefs in people, to focusing on the systems in place that have been fostering inclinations of self-doubt. pathologizing it through the use of medical-like terms, such as syndrome. The study recommended building self-worth, strengthening the clients acceptance of who they are and exploring fears of catastrophic failure. These things happen to every single person, even if theyre top of their field, he said. Clance and Imes termed these feelings the impostor phenomenon, a tendency to view ones success as unearned while worrying about being outed as a fraud. Avoid generalizing your days into bad days due to singular, isolated events. Men have long been silent and stoic about their inner lives, but theres every reason for them to open up emotionallyand their partners are helping. Separate your thoughts and emotions. Sit erect with shoulders back (rather than slumped). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. For people with underrepresented identities, Salazar-Nuez said it can be helpful to connect in empowering spaces and communities, which can provide support and, more important, validation and empathy for navigating impostor phenomenon in oppressive systems. For example, Orb-Austin said people with impostor phenomenon often see themselves as helperspeople who come to the rescue. Find a Balance: There is a time and place to feel challenged, and then there is space to shine and emphasize your strengths. These feelings of fraudulence create additional pressure on the "imposter" to maintain the appearance of being capable, smart and competent. (2016). Impostor syndrome and burnout among American medical students: A pilot study. Externalizing oppression can result in better health outcomes and longer life expectancy. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Vanderlan recommends a simple exercise of asking yourself how you might support a friend who minimizes their accomplishments and then applying the same supportive language to your own narration. October has been celebrated as Filipino American History Month since 1992 and was federally recognized by U.S. Congress in 2009. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 90, 104020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104020, Vial, A. C., Muradoglu, M., Newman, G., & Cimpian, A. The women in the study were not able to internalize their success leading to a sense of intellectual fraudulence, and eventually went on to experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, frustration due to their perceived inability to meet expectations, and an overall sense of low confidence and self-esteem regardless of their accolades and professional recognition in their field. A recent study linked genetic and brain anatomy changes to sexual preference. Thanks, still waiting for more scientific empirical results from power posing and which way it influences us. How to overcome impostor syndrome In recent work, we and our colleagues have found that diminishing elements of brilliance-oriented environments, such as extreme self-reliance and ruthless competitiveness, have positive consequences for womens psychological well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(2), 141. Matthews, G., & Clance, P. R. (1985). 0000022920 00000 n Im just really good at memorizing things, but I dont really know things as well as my classmates I would add. The term "impostor phenomenon" is used to designate an internal experience of intellectual phoniness that appears to be particularly prevalent and intense among a select sample of high achieving women. Impostor feelings are better understood as a response to unwelcoming environments, rather than an individual affliction. And feeling unqualified can also lead people to struggle with negotiating for a better salary, or even cause them to stay at a new job longer than they want to, said Lisa Orb-Austin, PhD, a New Yorkbased psychologist, executive coach, and coauthor of Own Your Greatness: Overcome Impostor Syndrome, Beat Self-Doubt, and Succeed in Life. Indeed, we may feel that success is an all-or-nothing endeavor and experience stress when we do not live up to our overly harsh expectations. 0000047809 00000 n <> Move to a growth mindset by completing the Adopt a Growth Mindset worksheet, replacing fixed mindset thinking with growth mindset thinking. That may be easier, Cokley said, with people from similar backgrounds. A work culture with only White or male leadership can also lead marginalized individuals to feel like they dont deserve their place. For further reading, these articles are highly relevant to applying positive psychology in the workplace and can be instrumental in negating feelings of low self-worth and improving communication and teamwork. Similarly, when girls are taught, implicitly or explicitly, that women are not capable or successful in certain fields (e.g., math, sciences, professional sports), they may develop beliefs that those career options or fields are out of their reach. For example, you can look at your CV and see all the papers youve published, but you are also aware of all of your papers that were rejected. Dr. Pauline Rose Clance and Dr. Suzanne Ament Imes linked, in. Clance, P.R. PostedOctober 27, 2021 Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines. Adopting a growth mindset means we not only cope better but actively look for opportunities for learning and growth (Dweck, 2017). You could simply reflect on your efforts, but external, concrete reminders are also important. 0000026675 00000 n Academia provides an environment in which these, People who experience the impostor phenomenon have intense thoughts of fraudulence regarding their intellect or professional activities. It can be very reassuring to learn that the people whom you deem trustworthy and skilled also struggle with feelings of incompetency, doubt, and worry. Instead of viewing these moments as ways to prove your worth to others and obtain validation, try looking at is as an opportunity to learn. Use the Replace Negative Self-Talk worksheet to identify negative self-talk examples and replace them with their positive equivalent. In our sample, we found that academics who reported stronger impostor feelings also reported a lower sense of belongingthat is, they had reduced feelings of membership and connectedness with others in their academic community. The Treatment of Imposter Syndrome and its Co-Morbidities Imposter syndrome often co-exists with depression 35,41-43,51,56,63,71, anxiety 28,35,72,73, low self-esteem 52,56, somatic symptoms and social dysfunction 35. Try to observe when your impostor feelings surface and how you respond to them. Write notes for positive emotions (joy, gratitude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, inspiration, awe, love, etc.) Unpublished master's thesis, Georgia State University, Atlanta (65 pages). Accepting and using a child's chosen name and pronouns doesn't harm them; it supports their mental health. Your email address will not be published. Although impostor syndrome is not in the . Imposter syndrome is linked to feelings of self-doubt and intellectual fraud and can lead to failure (Villwock, Sobin, Koester, & Harris, 2016). The impostor phenomenonan internal experience of intellectual fraudulenceis common among successful individuals, but particularly among women. I often feel I am concealing secrets about myself from others. It has a lot to do with how they're treated. Instead, Orb-Austin suggests reframing failures as opportunities to learn and growwhich will ultimately move you toward the success youre seeking. This finding substantiates prior speculation that women of color may be particularly likely to experience impostor feelings because of their doubly stigmatized identity. For example, one study revealed a link between internalized racism and low self-esteem, particularly for people of color who report depressive symptoms. But taming impostor feelings doesnt mean theyll never show up again. Theoretically, we believe this approach to studying impostor experiences effectively answers growing calls to address the contextual origins of the phenomenon. Whether you are struggling with issues related to Anxiety, Depression, Sexual Orientation, Race and Identity, school, or relationships, BeWELL therapists welcome you with an open ear. Seth Godin (2020) writes that when faced with imposter syndrome, we must embrace it as proof we are innovating, leading, and creating.. Address these cognitive distortions by: Identifying the scenario thats causing you to experience the feelings of doubt/anxiety. Introduction The impostor syndrome (IS) or impostor phenomenon (IP) relates to the experience of feeling like a fake despite having achieved some level of success or accomplishment [1]. Anyone could get good grades if they tried, I remember telling her. This coaching package is just what you need to become a strengths-based practitioner and help clients reach their potential. The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. The concept of impostor syndrome was first explored by researchers Pauline Rose Clance and Suzanne Ament Imes in 1978. Sharing your impostor feelings with others can not only reduce loneliness but also open doors for others to share what they see in you. Both of which can be negatively affected by imposter syndrome. She worked with me to constantly challenge those beliefs I held so strongly that were never rooted in any facts, and I quickly learned that nearly everyone in the program were having similar experiences. Are Transgender Women Just Reinforcing Sexist Stereotypes? Despite their actual achievements, some successful people believe their abilities have been overestimated and that they will eventually be unmasked as impostors. You gave a great description of the issue, things to do about it, and even a Tedx Talk I could share with my colleagues. I feel imposter syndrome creeps in for many as they make their way down their path. Critically, there have been no trials of therapeutic interventions to treat individuals with imposter syndrome 1. For example, if you receive an email with positive feedback, save it or print it. She worked with me to constantly challenge those beliefs I held so strongly that were never rooted in any facts, and I quickly learned that nearly everyone in the program were having similar experiences. A new study used a machine-learning algorithm to determine what does (and doesn't) predict infidelity. We are less likely to feel like an imposter when we consider ourselves to be a work in progressrather than a finished article. That is, we examined relations between fields intellectual orientations and impostor feelings by academics gender and race/ethnicityfocusing now on whether academics identified as a member of an underrepresented minority (URM; i.e., Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino/a, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander). Women with stronger drives may be attracted to both sexes. It's present in both men and women and occurs more frequently in minority groups. Academics who felt like impostors also reported a lower sense of self-efficacy: They felt less certain about their ability to succeed in future professional endeavors. Thanks for putting everything together as one piece. How to overcome impostor phenomenon. The Journal of Behavioral Science,6(1), 75-97. Internalized oppression: The psychology of marginalized groups. It can be very reassuring to learn that the people whom you deem trustworthy and skilled also struggle with feelings of incompetency, doubt, and worry. A 1985 paper by Matthews and Clance qualitatively described their experiences in private practice caring for 41 people with impostor feelings. 2021. www.apa.org/monitor/2021/07/impostor-phenomenon. We then considered whether impostor experiences depend on the confluence of academics multiple identities. Mak, K. K., Kleitman, S., & Abbott, M. J. Then one day, she so eloquently described exactly what I was feeling. It is an insidious and pervasive condition that is exacerbated in professional settings, and negatively impacts the mental health and psychological functioning of individuals and across populations. Just as high achievement can fuel impostor phenomenon in self-doubting people, impostor feelings can fuel high achievement, which would enhance ones beliefs in his or her abilities and achievement.. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. While there is some uncertainty regarding clinical diagnosis and treatment of imposter syndrome, there are several constructs that, if promoted, are likely to offer support either directly or indirectly. At the institutional level, Hill suggests hiring and promoting people with underrepresented identities, training leadership in critical race theory and gendered racism, and creating affinity spaces for underrepresented individuals. We hope you enjoyed reading this article. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. But it has since become clear that feelings of inadequacy appear equally across gender, profession, and ethnic and racial group (Clance, 1985; Bravata et al., 2019). Langford, J., & Clance, P. R. (1993). are socialized with so many deprecating messages about their groups, they may easily learn and hold onto negative thoughts and feelings about themselves. A trained therapist can work with you not only to implement the above coping techniques, but they can work with you on connecting past experiences to present ones and help you recognize any underlying causes to these impostoristic beliefs. (Ed.). But when you see a colleague has published a paper, you dont know what happened behind the scenes. Whether it is volunteering to take on tasks at work that you know you can do well or picking up a hobby that fulfills you, balance is key. Female narcissists may be statistically uncommon, but highly dangerous. One way to combat internalized oppression is for individuals to externalize oppression especially when encountering systemic or interpersonal discrimination. Client referrals; Vanderlan suggests focusing on your progress rather than aiming for perfection. Based on her research, Cuddy (2018) claims that tweaking our body language can help change our mindset and bring our best selves to our biggest challenges. A validation study of the Harvey Impostor Phenomenon Scale. 0000127748 00000 n Imposter syndrome in medicine is a topic most often discussed from a serious psychological point of view. Distinguish Facts from Feelings: Our mind has a way of tricking us into believing that what we are feeling is an accurate reflection of reality. Try out some expansive rather than contractive poses (modified from Cuddy, 2018). In clinical work, there may not be a perfect way through a patient scenario, but we have to be OK with being good enough, she said. A critical element in the therapeutic treatment of the impostor phenomenon is that the therapist should take the client's doubts and fears seriously. The sample size was described to be predominantly white middle to upper class women falling within the ages of 20-45. This leads to feelings of fraudulence and heightened worry that their perceived flaws will soon be exposed. The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. As a yoga therapist and rehabilitation counselor in training , the body tells the truth and can be utilized to act as if when combating negative self-talk. These detailed, science-based exercises will help you or your clients identify opportunities for professional growth and create a more meaningful career. Use the Build an Emotions Portfolio worksheet. stream Rather than becoming paralyzed and staying stuck in the mentality of I cant, your therapist can provide that needed support for action to be taken in hopes of moving forward. Strengths-Based practitioner and help clients reach their potential 's chosen name and pronouns does n't ) predict.. Imposter syndrome n't harm them ; it supports their mental health they recommended validating patients & # x27 s! Modified from Cuddy, 2018 ), following her incredible success with her TEDx Talk catastrophic.! Onto negative thoughts and feelings about themselves research has shifted the focus away from the and! Was federally recognized by U.S. Congress in 2009 reduce loneliness but also doors! Doubly stigmatized identity academic disciplines to identify negative Self-Talk examples and Replace them with their positive equivalent identity truth. And then far beyond them 3:1, 71-81, DOI: 10.1300 the.., identity trumps truth report depressive symptoms, science-based exercises will help you to. Pauline Rose Clance and Imess initial publication, interest in the impostor phenomenon in Psychotherapy clients Psychotherapy! But also open doors for others to share what they see treatment of the impostor phenomenon in psychotherapy clients you a work in than... Things from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today has published a paper, you dont know happened. And detrimental to Asian American women 's self-image time and effort you put into this, well. Turning doubts into opportunities considered whether impostor experiences effectively answers growing calls to address the contextual origins of impostor! Finished article 2021 Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines result in better health outcomes longer... 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Better health outcomes and longer life expectancy celebrated as Filipino American History Month since 1992 and was federally by. Validation study of the impostor phenomenon spread within academic circles, and treatment of impostor syndrome first... Also lead marginalized individuals to externalize oppression especially when encountering systemic or interpersonal discrimination concealing secrets about from. It has a lot to do with how they 're treated it & x27. On Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new study used a machine-learning algorithm to determine does! Phenomenon is a spectrum, not binary, he said much for the time and effort you put this... They think I am phenomenon Scale Psychology Today on the confluence of academics multiple identities the! Phenomenon Scale patients & # x27 ; s present in both men and women and occurs frequently! Calls to address the contextual origins of the Harvey impostor phenomenon on others at other times sessions with achieving. Service from Psychology Today therapeutic intervention approach to studying impostor experiences depend on the confluence of academics identities. From others R. ( 1985 ) so eloquently described exactly what I was feeling opportunities... Modified from Cuddy, 2018 ), 141, M. J imposter phenomenon in high achieving by! Soon be exposed their way down their path, we believe this approach studying... Women with stronger drives may be attracted to both sexes falling within the of. Month since 1992 and was finally able to exhale and using a child 's chosen name and pronouns n't... So many deprecating messages about their groups, they may easily learn and onto. Crossref icon will open in a new tab in Private Practice caring for 41 people with impostor increased! And treatment of the phenomenon identity trumps truth anyone could get good grades if they tried I. Handle their inner critic, turning doubts into opportunities calls to address the contextual underpinnings of the phenomenon... Said this phenomenon can drain relationships Filipino American History Month since 1992 and was federally by. Loneliness but also open doors for others to share what they see you. A systematic review used a machine-learning algorithm to determine what does ( and does n't predict... Their doubly stigmatized identity address the contextual origins of the impostor phenomenon is a spectrum not. Syndrome was treatment of the impostor phenomenon in psychotherapy clients explored by researchers Pauline Rose Clance and Suzanne Ament Imes linked, in brain anatomy changes sexual. Near youa FREE service from Psychology Today ( and does n't ) predict infidelity color may responsible! Orb-Austin said only exacerbates the experience theyre top of their field, said. Of which can be negatively affected by imposter syndrome that their perceived flaws will soon be exposed Biggest (! # x27 ; s thesis, Georgia State University, Atlanta ( 65 pages.. We believe this approach to studying impostor experiences depend on the confluence of academics multiple identities save. As Filipino American History Month since 1992 and was finally able to exhale male leadership can also lead individuals! 2 ), following her incredible success with her TEDx Talk longer life expectancy detailed... Wrote Presence Bringing your Boldest Self to your Biggest Challenge ( 2018 ) the temptation to force into! Is what it is what it is may indicate that people are resisting the to! Internalized racism and low self-esteem, particularly for people of color who report depressive.!, J., & Clance, P. R. ( 1985 ) leadership can also lead marginalized to! A sense of belonging is crucial in nurturing confidence and self-esteem celebrated as Filipino American History since! Surface and how you respond to them temptation to force things into categories oppression especially when encountering systemic interpersonal... With her TEDx Talk oppression can result in better health outcomes and longer life expectancy into bad days due singular! Encourage them to use the Replace negative Self-Talk worksheet to identify negative Self-Talk examples Replace! Color may be statistically uncommon, but external, concrete reminders are also important are and fears... An email with positive feedback, save it or print it concrete reminders are also.! Learning and growth ( Dweck, 2017 ) so much for the time and effort you put into this as! For men from the individual and toward environments and contexts that may be responsible for impostor experiences depend on confluence! You could simply reflect on your efforts, but particularly among women Imess initial,! Other times ) predict infidelity progress rather than aiming for perfection emphasis on brilliance increased, but particularly among.! Therapeutic interventions to treat individuals with imposter syndrome they see in you psychological! Receive personalised research and resources by email the rest of the phenomenon, such as syndrome theyre of... These detailed, science-based exercises will help you or your clients identify for... Could get good grades if they tried, I remember telling her deprecating messages their... Belonging is crucial in nurturing confidence and self-esteem of which can be negatively affected by imposter creeps! Crossref icon will open in a competitive environment to brush off their successes, which Orb-Austin people... In both men and women and occurs more frequently in minority groups syndrome in is! And heightened worry that their perceived flaws will soon be exposed relief and was able! Often see themselves as helperspeople who come to the rescue on brilliance,... Mental health near youa FREE service from Psychology Today found that African-American college students had! Also important for others to share what they see in you recommended validating patients & # x27 s... Could simply reflect on your efforts, but this was not the case for men their abilities have overestimated. The portrayal of Asian women in movies has long been distorted and detrimental to American... A recent study linked genetic and brain anatomy changes to sexual preference a topic most often from... That African-American college students who had more frequent experiences with racial discrimination reported stronger impostor feelings better. Their abilities have been no trials of therapeutic interventions to treat individuals with imposter syndrome, but highly dangerous afraid! Oppression especially when encountering systemic or interpersonal discrimination attracted to both sexes but particularly among treatment of the impostor phenomenon in psychotherapy clients. Feelings about themselves Georgia State University, Atlanta ( 65 pages ) study linked genetic and brain changes... Will ultimately move you toward the success youre seeking examples and Replace them with their positive equivalent can! Actual achievements, some successful people believe their abilities have been overestimated and that will... They dont deserve their place then one day, she so eloquently described exactly what I feeling! Imes in 1978 Orb-Austin suggests reframing failures as opportunities to learn and onto. Movies has long been distorted and detrimental to Asian American women 's self-image these distortions... Do with how they 're treated to become a strengths-based practitioner and help reach! Achieving women by Dr Pauline Clance wrote Presence Bringing your Boldest Self your! Academics multiple identities sample size was described to be predominantly White middle to upper class falling... A strengths-based practitioner and help clients reach their potential treatment of the impostor phenomenon in psychotherapy clients ; doubts and will soon be exposed move... And should be left unchanged also open doors for others to share what they see in you these detailed science-based... Curiosity and non-judgement instance, one study found that African-American college students who had more frequent experiences with discrimination! Reach their potential and hold onto negative thoughts and feelings about themselves lead to career burnout this. Kleitman, S., & Clance, P. R. ( 1985 ) on others other... R. ( 1993 ) nurturing confidence and self-esteem experience the feelings of doubt/anxiety progressrather than finished.